TELAAH USHUL FIKIH ATAS LEGITIMASI SERANGAN MILITER DALAM KONFLIK IRAN-ISRAEL: Studi Kasus Darurat dan Hak Membela Diri

Abstract

This study aims to examine the validity of religious justifications for military actions carried out by Iran and Israel through the lens of ushul fiqh, particularly regarding the principles of emergency (ḍarūrah) and self-defense (dafʿ al-ṣāʿil). Utilizing a library research approach, the data were normatively and descriptively analyzed based on classical and contemporary sources, including ushul fiqh texts and analytical reports on the Middle East conflict. The findings reveal that although Islam allows for emergency measures and defensive actions, such permissions are conditional, with strict requirements bound to the objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah). Military actions that are disproportionate, result in extensive harm to lives and property, and violate the ethics of war in Islam cannot be religiously justified. In the context of the Iran–Israel conflict, both parties fall short of meeting the valid shar‘i criteria for invoking ḍarūrah or dafʿ. Therefore, the maqāṣid-based approach is essential to reframe military policies within the bounds of justice and Islamic humanitarian ethics.

Keywords: ushul fiqh, emergency, self-defense, maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, Iran–Israel;